“Pakistan–Saudi Defense Pact: A Blow to U.S. Influence Amid Israel’s Gaza War” Pakistan-Saudi Arabia mutual defense treaty 1. On 17 September 2025, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia entered a Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement (SMDA). 2. Under the treaty, any aggression or attack on one country will be treated as an aggression against both. 3. It commits the two nations to strengthen defense cooperation and enhance joint deterrence. (Al Jazeera) Participants and Context The agreement was signed in **Riyadh**, between Pakistani Prime Minister *Shehbaz Sharif* and Saudi Crown Prince *Mohammed bin Salman*. Senior military officials were also present, reinforcing its strategic nature. Key Details & Ambiguities 1. The treaty uses strong language: “any aggression against either shall be considered aggression against both.” 2. It is described as “comprehensive” in terms of defense cooperation. However, the details are vague in terms of what kind of military means are includ...
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